Vaginal Infection: Types, Symptoms, Causes & Effective Treatment

A vaginal infection is medically referred to as vaginitis; it is an inflammation of the vagina resulting from a disruption in the normal balance of the vagina's delicate ecosystem. The vagina has a balanced population of bacteria and other microscopic organisms that contribute to maintaining its health. If the balance is disturbed, there can be a proliferation of unhealthy organisms leading to infection. Due to their frequency and non-sexual transmission, vaginal infections are a common reason individuals seek gynaecological care. They can occur in anyone, whether they engage in sexual activities or not.

There are many forms of vaginal infections. Each form has its own distinct causes and features.

Yeast Infections

Yeast infections are caused by an excessive amount of the fungus Candida albicans. Approximately 75% of women experience a yeast infection at least once throughout their lives.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when there is an overgrowth of unhealthy bacteria that overshadow the usual healthy lactobacillus bacteria that control the vaginal environment. BV is the most common vaginal infection found in individuals between 15 and 44 years of age.

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It is among the most common curable sexually transmitted infections globally.

Atrophic Vaginitis

Atrophic vaginitis develops when decreased oestrogen levels (usually during menopause) create thinning of the vaginal walls and subsequent inflammation.

Non-infectious Vaginitis

Non-infectious vaginitis is a result of irritation produced by products including soaps, douches, fragrant sprays, or latex.

Depending upon the type of infection experienced, symptoms often include:

• vaginal discharge that appears irregularly or abnormally
• a strong odour, especially a "fishy" odour associated with bacterial vaginosis
• burning or itching sensations both internally and externally
• painful intercourse
• a burning sensation when urinating
• redness or swelling surrounding the vaginal entrance

Some vaginal infections, specifically those caused by bacterial vaginosis, may exist without noticeable signs or symptoms. Therefore, routine gynaecological checkups are important to maintain, even when you feel fine.

The causes for various types of vaginal infections differ.

Yeast Infections

Yeast infections arise when the natural equilibrium of fungi in your vagina is disrupted, enabling Candida to flourish. Although rare, antibiotics (which eliminate helpful bacteria) can trigger yeast overproduction. Yeast overproduction can also result from hormonal variations during menstruation or pregnancy, as well as from an immunocompromised state.

Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis arises from reduced amounts of healthy lactobacillus bacteria and an overpopulation of anaerobic bacteria. While triggers for bacterial vaginosis are generally unknown, research indicates that douching, having a new sexual partner(s) and engaging in unprotected sex increase the probability of developing BV.

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis develops through sexual contact with someone who has trichomoniasis. The parasite is exchanged between sexual partners during vaginal, oral or anal sex.

Atrophic Vaginitis

Atrophic vaginitis develops as a direct result of decreasing oestrogen levels, primarily as a result of menopause. Decreasing oestrogen levels also lead to atrophic vaginitis during postpartum periods and as a side effect of certain chemotherapy treatments.

Non-infectious Vaginitis

Non-infectious vaginitis is brought on by direct exposure to chemical irritants, including scented soap, bubble bath, fabric softener, or spermicides.

Multiple variables elevate your chance of developing a vaginal infection:

• Treatment with antibiotics that disrupt the natural bacterial populations in your vagina
• Pregnancy irritants that create hormonal pregnancy shifts that disrupt the normal environment of your vagina
• Uncorrected hormonal diabetic conditions that allow sugars in your blood to foster fungal growth
• Having had sex with new or multiple sexual partners
• Douching or using products containing fragrances for your vagina
• Hormonal fluctuations related to menopause
• Wearing tight synthetic undergarments that retain heat and moisture

Your doctor or gynaecologist will start with questions regarding your symptoms, medical history, and sexual activity. Your doctor will perform a pelvic exam to view the vagina and cervix. Typically, a swab sample will be collected from your vaginal discharge for testing at a lab to determine what organism is producing the infection. Some instances call for a gynaecologist's analysis of your vaginal environment to distinguish between bacterial vaginosis and a yeast infection, as both types cause a difference in vaginal acidity.

Treatments depend on the type of infection diagnosed.

Yeast Infections

Yeast infections are treated with antifungal medicines. Antifungals come in cream form, suppository form, gel form, or pill form. Over-the-counter (OTC) infection versions are available for mild to moderate infections, and prescription versions are recommended for recurring or more serious infections.

Bacterial Vaginosis

Antibiotics are prescribed to treat bacterial vaginosis. These are usually given orally as pills or tablets or topically as vaginal inserts. Regardless of symptoms, it is imperative to finish all prescribed antibiotics as directed.

Trichomoniasis

Metronidazole/tinidazole (oral doses) is used to treat trichomoniasis infections. All partners must be tested and treated to prevent future reinfection.

Atrophic Vaginitis

Oestrogen replacement therapy is prescribed for the management of atrophic vaginitis and provides restoration to the vaginal wall. Additionally, lubrication provides temporary relief for symptoms.

Non-infectious Vaginitis

Non-infectious vaginitis will resolve itself once you stop exposing yourself to the irritant causing the reaction.

Adopting good hygiene and lifestyle practices greatly decreases your risk of developing a vaginal infection:

• Wash the genital area using only warm water; refrain from using scented soaps or douches.
• Wear loose, breathable cotton clothing and stay away from tight-fitting garments.
• Wipe from front to back after bowel movements to minimise the spread of bacteria.
• Use condoms regularly to decrease your chances of contracting STIs.
• Avoid using fragrance-based feminine hygiene items, bubble baths and fabric softeners.
• Take off wet swimwear or gym attire immediately after finishing your activities.
• Take probiotics before or after antibiotic use to replace lost beneficial bacteria within the vagina.
• Visit a gynaecologist routinely, especially if you are sexually active.

You need to visit your gynaecologist if you have noticed unusual discharge from your vagina, persistent itchiness and sensitivity in your vagina or vulva, an abnormal odour emanating from your vagina, painful intercourse, or discomfort while urinating. You should see your gynaecologist sooner rather than later if your symptoms are extreme and/or don't respond to OTC treatments. Also, consult with your provider if you're pregnant and have any vaginal symptoms since some infections can impact your baby's health.

Vaginal infections are widespread but easily treatable. Early recognition and correct diagnosis means you'll receive the proper treatment promptly. By adopting good hygiene practices and protective sex habits in addition to refraining from applying irritating substances to your genitals, you will aid in preventing vaginal infections. Don't hesitate to communicate with your healthcare provider if you suspect something isn't right with your vagina; trusting your intuition promotes better health and fewer complications.